The bonus damage is only base attack damage and does not stack with the similar effects from Sheen or Lich Bane.
The bonus damage has a 2 second internal cooldown before it can be triggered again. This damage is not increased when dealing a critical strike.
Trinity Force synergizes well with cooldown reduction, enabling champions to proc the bonus damage as often as possible while minding the 2 second cooldown.
The highest damage possible from the passive can be achieved with 20pxCho'Gath and Skarner, both who have 130 base damage at level 18.
The swords in the icon clearly resemble the Sheen item and two swords in the Zeal item to make the Trinity Force.
Trinity Force is currently the most expensive item in League of Legends, despite having the second lowest recipe cost of any legendary item (the lowest being Wriggle's Lantern).
The name and icon for this item were almost certainly inspired by "The Legend of Zelda's" Triforce.
The Triforce from The Legend of Zelda has three pieces: Power, Courage, and Wisdom. The items appear to also reference this; Phage represents Power being an AD item, Sheen represents Wisdom being an AP item, and Zeal represents Courage as it enhances one's general combat prowess.
Alternatively, Phage as Courage, in the persevering slow and defensive health, Sheen as Power, for it's burst and demanding of innate potential, and Zeal as Wisdom, as one could say critical strikes are "well-placed" and attack speed can be gained through practice.
This item is often used by Riot employee David 'Phreak' Turley to deal "Tons of damage".
"Reservoir" system has been removed. These items will now strictly respect the cooldown time between procs. The cooldown has been reduced to 2 second delays between procs from 3 seconds.
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